A) Both will have secondary structure A, the sequence of the 5′ 61 nucleotides of the Junin virus S genome RNA is shown (5′ to 3′, top line), in which capital letters indicate uridines that were changed to the nucleotides shown to generate Jun −1/60 mod RNA The bottom line shows the sequence of the 3′ terminal nucleotides of the S genome RNA (3′ to 5′) TheThe presence of Uracil shows that it is RNA The base composition is unequal, so it must be single stranded 2 Which of these DNA fragments will have a higher melting temperature?
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Can viruses have double stranded rna
Can viruses have double stranded rna- Nuclear RNA virusencoded miRNAs A virus with an RNA genome is named an RNA virus, which depending on the type of genome can be subdivided into doublestranded RNA (dsRNA), positivesense singlestranded RNA (ssRNA ) and negativesense singlestranded RNA (ssRNA −)Various families of RNA viruses exist, including Retroviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, "NMD also helps us combat viral infections, which is why many viruses either inhibit or evade NMD," she adds "The genome of the virus COVID19 is a positivesense, singlestranded RNA It is well known that other positivesense, singlestranded RNA viruses evade NMD by having RNA structures that prevent NMD from degrading viral RNAs"
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The use of reverse transcriptase for efficient first and secondstrand cDNA synthesis from single and doublestranded RNA templates IE Tzanetakisa, KE Kellerb, RR Martina,b,∗ a Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Gene Research and Biotechnology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR , USARNA interference RNA interference (RNAi) is a genetic regulatory system that functions to silence the activity of specific genes RNAi occurs naturally, through the production of nuclearencoded premicroRNA (premiRNA), and can be induced experimentally, using short segments of synthetic doublestranded RNA (dsRNA)DoubleStranded RNA of the Diagnosis of Citrus and Avocado Viruses J A Do~dds, R L Jordan, J A Heick and S J Tamaki ABSTRACT Until recently presence of homogeneous segments of doublestranded (ds)RNA, corresponding to twice the size of viral genomic ssRNA, in infected plants have been overlooked in plant virus diagnosis
NOT the purple nucleic acid, but the PROTEINS in the CAPSID Nucleic acids Only know the nucleic acid type of the viruses DNA (single stranded or double stranded) RNA (single stranded or double stranded) Viruses might have single OR double stranded DNA Nucleic acids cont Parvovirus – Linear singlestranded DNA HerpesvirusORF, open reading frame;RNA VIRUSES ALL SORTS OF STRATEGIES RNA Viruses All synthesize through a double stranded intermediate RI replication intermediate RNA dependent RNA polymerase of viral origin but may need host factors Termini contain recognition signals for replicase Positive strand viruses Begin with translation to produce replicase Makes more positive than negative strand Limiting factor or
They are the negative or minus (−)strand RNA viruses, the closely related ambisense RNA viruses, and doublestranded RNA viruses (Table 102 and Box 102) For each of these groups of viruses, the first synthetic event after genome penetration isRnaalso builds DNA and RNA/DNA double helices along a specified path This command was used to make 9000nucleotide RNA and DNA modelsfor an HIV virus animation, along with the commandplay wiggle For building DNA, RNA, and hybrid double helices in standard conformations(Aform or Bform), seeBuildStructureIt has been reported that plant virusderived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) originated predominantly from structured singlestranded viral RNA of a positive singlestranded RNA virus replicating in the cytoplasm and from the nuclear stemloop 35S leader RNA of a doublestranded DNA (dsDNA) virus
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Double Stranded RNA Virus in Giardia Investigators Wang, Ching Institutions University of California San Francisco Start date 1991 End date 01 Objective For the next granting period, we plan to encapsulate drug resistance genes into the viral particles to express foreign gene in all infected trophozoites under drug pressures; A doublestranded RNA transcribed from an IR containing promoter sequences was able to trigger methylation and silencing of homologous promoters 31 The promoter dsRNA was degraded to small RNAs ∼A singlestranded DNA molecule contains 40 nucleotides with equal amounts of A, C, G, and T This DNA strand can combine with a complementary DNA strand to form a doublestranded DNA molecule (Questions 116) 11_____ doublestranded RNA molecule of the same size?
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Pu and Py, unspecified purine and pyrimidine nucleosides, respectively 3C the DoubleStranded RNA 0O SUGIURA, AND AARON J SHATKIN* Doublestranded RNA viruses, such as retroviruses fuse with host cell membranes and inject their viral contents inside to replicate their genome via reverse transcription Reverse transcription requires a ribonuclease H and a DNA polymerase with the ability to copy an RNA or a DNA template to synthesis a linear doublestranded DNA from an RNA Positivestranded RNARNA interference (RNAi) is a genetic regulatory system that functions to silence the activity of specific genes RNAi occurs naturally, through the production of nuclearencoded premicroRNA (premiRNA), and can be induced experimentally, using short segments of synthetic doublestranded RNA (dsRNA)
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Is it singlestranded or doublestranded?It was found that long doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) is diced progressively from the termini into a pool of 21nucleotide siRNA duplexes by the dsRNAspecific endoribonuclease (RNase) Dicer6,7 These siRNAs then select and destroy their mRNA targets by basepairing with and guiding the endoribonucleic cleavage (or Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants RSV is an RNA virus in which the genomic RNA forms part of a nucleaseresistant helical ribonucleoprotein complex Tawar et al (p ) now use xray and electron microscopy data to model the structure of this nucleocapsid complex and show how it can template RNA synthesis
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Asymmetric PCR Fragments of 81, 105, and 225 nucleotides from reovirus segment Li (5) and of 87, 159, and 180 nucleotides from Sindbis virus (30) were amplified in a PCR process as described (31), in two steps using the Gene Amp Abbreviations ssRNA and dsRNA, singlestranded and doublestranded RNA;SARSCoV2 contains a linear RNA genome of ~ 30,000 nucleotides Whole genome sequencing can be used to identify genetic mutations in theSARSCoV2 genome Genome fingerprinting and phylogenetics can be used to Separate circulating SARSCoV2 into 'clades' or 'lineages' with standard nomenclatureMRNA endonucleolytically 10–13 nucleotides from the 5′ end and utilizes the capped fragment as a primer to synthesize viral transcripts Here we report a unique capsnatching mechanism by which the yeast doublestranded RNA totivirus LA furnishes its transcript with a cap structure derived from mRNA Unlike influen
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Virus Evolution The doublestranded (ds)RNA viruses represent a diverse group of viruses that vary widely in host range (humans, animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria), genome segment number (one to twelve), and virion organization (Tnumber, capsid layers, or turrets) Members of this fascinating group include the rotaviruses, renowned The 5′ cap structure (m7GpppX) is an essential feature of eukaryotic mRNA required for mRNA stability and efficient translation Influenza virus furnishes its mRNA with this structure by a capsnatching mechanism, in which the viral polymerase cleaves host mRNA endonucleolytically 10–13 nucleotides from the 5′ end and utilizes the capped fragment as a primer to synthesizeWe report that nsp13 has both RNA and DNA duplexunwinding activities SARSCoV nsp13 unwinds its substrates in a 5'to3' direction and features a remarkable processivity, allowing efficient strand separation of extended regions of doublestranded RNA and DNA
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer strains secrete a protein toxin active on nonkiller strains of the same (or other) yeast species Different killer toxins, K1, K2, K28, and Klus, have been described Each toxin is encoded by a mediumsize (15 to 23kb) M doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) located in the cytoplasmDoublestranded RNA (dsRNA) is RNA with two complementary strands, similar to the DNA found in all cells, but with the replacement of thymine by uracil dsRNA forms the genetic material of some viruses (doublestranded RNA viruses) Doublestranded RNA, such as viral RNA or siRNA, can trigger RNA interference in eukaryotes, as well as interferon response in vertebratesThis RNAdependent RNA polymerase uses the viral RNA as a template, and uses the hepatocyte's nucleotides to transcribe a complementary strand of RNA, which is then used to form new baby viruses!
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The nucleotide sequences of three mitochondrial virus doublestranded (ds) RNAs, RN (2599 nucleotides), RNA5 (2474 nucleotides), and RNA6 (2343 nucleotides), in a diseased isolate Log1/38d2 (Ld) of the Dutch elm disease fungus Ophiostoma novoulmi have been determined All these RNAs are AUrich (7173% A U residues)DNA vs RNA DNA and RNA are very similar After all, RNA is supposed to be a copy of DNA However, there are a few differences between the two molecules The biggest difference is in their shape DNA is a twostranded molecule in the form of a double helix RNA, on the other hand, is a singlestranded molecule222 Nucleotides Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids 223 Primary Nucleic Acid Structure 224 The DNA Double Helix 225 Replication of DNA Molecules 226 Overview of Protein Synthesis 227 Ribonucleic Acids Chemistry at a Glance DNA Replication 228 Transcription RNA Synthesis 229 The Genetic Code 2210 Anticodons and tRNA Molecules
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Nucleotides are joined together by a strong covalent bond between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next RNA differs from DNA in the following ways RNA is single strandedNecessary to obtain reovirus doublestranded RNA labeled specifically at the 5' termini with 32Pphosphate In this report, the 5'terminal nucleotide sequences of reovirus RNA Abbreviations CP, cytoplasmic polyhedrosis;Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) can use the doublestranded RNA templatestotranscribeviralplusstrandedRNAinvitro(Panavas et al, 06)The terminal AUrich sequence has been proposed to be important for opening the doublestranded RNA structure around the plusstrand initiation promoter for positivestrand RNA viruses (Panavas et al, 06)
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APOBEC3H copurifies with RNA as an inactive protein, and RNase A treatment enables strong DNA deaminase activity RNAbindingdefective mutants demonstrate clear separation of function by becoming DNA hypermutators Biochemical and crystallographic data demonstrate a mechanism in which doublestranded RNA mediates enzyme dimerization If the cell finds molecules of doublestranded RNA (dsRNA), it uses an enzyme called Dicer to cut them into fragments containing ~21 base pairs (~2 turns of a double helix) The two strands of each fragment then separate — releasing the antisense strand1 The base composition of a virus was found to be 11% A, 32% G, 18% U and 39% C It this a DNA or RNA virus?
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Biological mutation rates summarized from fastest to slowest Viroid (RNA elements that cause some plant disease without encoding any genes), viruses (RNA shown as Ebola, singlestranded DNA shown as an icosohedron, and doublestranded DNA shown as a myophage), prokaryotes (rodshaped bacteria), and eukaryotes (rodent)Doublestranded RNA synonyms, Doublestranded RNA pronunciation, Doublestranded RNA translation, English dictionary definition of Doublestranded RNA a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes;The RNA genes of influenza viruses are made up of chains of nucleotides that are bonded together and coded by the letters A, C, G and U, which stand for adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil, respectively Comparing the composition of nucleotides in one virus gene with the order of nucleotides in a different virus gene can reveal variations between the two viruses
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A monosegmented doublestranded RNA virus Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes hemorrhagic disease in economically important livestock The BTV genome is organized into ten discrete doublestranded RNA molecules (S1S10) which have been suggested to follow a sequential packaging pathway from smallest to largest segment during virus capsid assembly, amino acids 2185
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Double stranded DNA viruses only infect lower species of plants, such as algae These viruses are huge dsDNA viruses with genomes ranging from 160 to 560 kb with up to 600 proteinencoding genes, making them distinctly different from viruses infecting higher plantsHBV on the other hand is a double stranded DNA virus Once the DNA gets injected into a new cell, it enters the cell's nucleus and is replicated
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